SARUFI YA KISWAHILI 1

      SARUFI

Sarufi nimfumo na kanuni za lugha zinazomwezesha mtumiaji wa lugha kuitumia lugha husika kwa usahihi. Mfumo huo humwezesha mzungumzaji kutunga sentensi zisizo na kikomo ambazo hukubalika na wazawa wa lugha wanaoifahamu lugha hiyo barabara.  Hivyo ni dhahiri kwamba kila lugha ya mwanadamu huwa na mpangilio na sheria zinazoilinda ili kuifanya kuwa toshelevu na sanifu, na uzingatiwaji wa kanuni na taratibu hizo kwa mtumiaji humfanya na kumtambulisha kama mmilisi wa lugha hiyo.

Sheria za lugha zimegawanyika katika makundi manne yanayojulikana kama matawi ya Sarufi ambayo ni pamoja na; matamshi, maumbo, muundo na maana.

1.      SARUFI MATAMSHI

Sarufi matamshi ni tawi la sarufi ambalo limejikita katika kuchunguza sauti na matamshiyanayotumika katika lugha Fulani na kulinda matumizi sahihi ya matamshi hayo baina ya watumiaji wa lugha hiyo. Lugha ya Kiswahili kama zilivyokuwa lugha zote duniani ina matamshi ya aina mbili; Irabu na konsonanti.

A.    Irabu

Irabu ni aina ya vitamkwa ambavyo hutolewa pasi na kuwepo kizuizichochote katika mkondo hewa utokao mapafuni ukipitia katika chemba ya kinywana chemba ya pua kwenda nje. Lugha ya Kiswahili inazo Irabu tano ambazo ni; /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, na /u/.

B.     Konsonanti

Konsonanti ni aina ya sauti ambazo hutamkwa kwa kuzuia mkondo hewa kutoka mapafuni, ukipitia chemba ya kinywa na chemba ya pua kwenda nje. Katika lugha ya Kiswahili zipo jumla ya konsonanti zifuatazo; /b/, /ch/, /d/, /dh/, /f/, /g/, /gh/, /h/, /j/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ny/, /ng’/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /sh/, /t/, /th/, /v/, /w/, /y/ na /z/.

2.      SARUFI MAUMBO.

Hili ni tawi la sarufi ambalo hujishughulisha na uchunguzi wa maumbo mbalimbali ya maneno katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Maumbo hayo ni; silabi, mofimu na neno lenyewe.

A.    Silabi

Silabi ni kipashio cha kifonolojia kinachohusu matamshi ambacho kwacho sauti za

Lugha hutamkwa mara moja kwa pamoja kama fungu moja la sauti. Kuna aina mbili za silabi, yaani silabi fungenasilabi huru.

Silabi huruni zile ambazo huishia na irabu.

Kwa mfano; la, ma, kwa, mba, n.k.

 Ilhalisilabi fungeni zile zinazoishia na konsonanti ambapo katika lugha ya Kiswahili ni nadra kuzipata maana lugha hii inatumia silabi huru lakini hupatikana katika maneno ya Kiswahili yanayokopwa kutoka katika lugha nyingine.

            Kwa mfano;   Alhamisi – a-l-ha-mi-si

                                    Taksi     - ta-k-si

Miundo ya Silabi za Kiswahili

a.      Muundo wa irabu peke yake (I) - Yapo maneno katika lugha ya Kiswahili yanayoundwa na irabu peke yake kama silabi. Mfano; u+a = Ua, o+a = Oa, a+u = Au, n.k.

b.      Muundo wakonsonanti pekee (K) – Kiswahili hakina maneno mengi yanayoundwa na silabi pekee isipokuwa maneno machache ambayo huwa ni ya nazali /M/ na /N/ na huwa zinatumika ama mwanzoni au katikati ya neno. Mfano; m+ke = Mke, m+bwa = Mbwa, n+chi = Nchi n.k

c.       Muundo wa konsonanti na irabu (KI) – Katika muundo huu konsonanti hutangulia irabu. Mfano; b+a = Ba, k+a = Ka n.k.

d.      Muundo wa konsonanti mbili na irabu (KKI) – Katika muundo huukonsonanti mbili hutangulia irabu. Mara nyingi konsonanti ya pili huwa ni kiyeyusho. Mfano; k+w+a = Kwa, m+w+a = Mwa, b+w+a = bwa, n+d+e = Nde, n.k.

e.       Muundo wa konsonanti tatu na irabu (KKKI) – Muundo wa namna hii hujitokeza katika maneno machache. Mfano; Bambwa, Tingwa, Tindwa, Mbwa, n.k.

f.       Muundo wa silabi funge – Huu hujitokeza katika maneno machache ambayo huwa ya mkopo. Mfano; Il-ha-li = Ilhali, Lab-da = Labda

B.     Mofimu

Mofimu ni kipashio kidogo kabisa cha lugha ambacho kina uwezo wa kusitiri maana ya neno ambalo kwalo limeundwa. AU ni kipashio kidogo kabisa cha lugha chenye maana kisarufi.

                                    AINA ZA MOFIMU

Mofimu huru ni aina ya mofimu ambayo huweza kusimama pekee na kujitosheleza kimaana yaani huwa na sifa ya neno. Mfano; mama, Baba, Dada, Kaka, Mjomba, Shangazi n.k. Kwa kuangalia utagundua kuwa mofimu huru haziwezi kugawanyika zaidi na kubeba maana kisarufi, kwa maana kwamba mofimu ‘baba’ ikigawanywa ba-ba, ‘ba’ hii haina maana yoyote kisarufi zaidi ya kuwa silabi.

Mofimu tegemezini aina ya mofimu ambayo huweza kuvunjwavunjwa na kubeba maana kisarufi, mofimu tegemezi hutegemeana ili kuleta maana kamili ya neno.

Mfano; neno ‘anakula’ limeundwa na mofimu zifuatazo:- [a-na-kul-a] ambazo kila moja hubeba dhana Fulani ya kisarufi.

VIAMBISHI

            Ni mofimu zinazopachikwa nyuma au mbele ya mzizi wa neno ili kubadilisha dhana ya neno. Kwa kuwa mofimu hizo hupachikwa sehemu mbili tofauti, tunapata aina mbili za viambishi kwa mujibu wa nafasi zake katika nenoyaani; viambishi awaliambavyo hupachikwa mwanzoni au nyuma ya mzizi wa neno,viambishi katiambavyo hupachikwa katikati ya neno (Kiswahili hakina viambishi hivi) na viambishi tamatiambavyo hivi hupachikwa mbele au mwishoni mwa mzizi wa neno.

Mfano:-

VIAMBISHI AWALI		MZIZI WA NENO	VIAMBISHI TAMATI		NENO JIPYA
A	na	chez	ew	a	Anachezewa
Wa	li	chez	ean	a	Walichezeana
Tu	ta	chez	e	a	Tutachezea

1.      Viambishi awaliHivi hupachikwa kabla ya mzizi wa neno na huwa ni vya aina tisa:-

i.                    Viambisha awali vya nafsi- hivi hudokeza upatanishi wa  nafsi katika kitenzi, zipo nafsi tatu, nafsi ya kwanza, ya pili, nay a tatu.

NAFSI	UMOJA	UWINGI
Ya Kwanza	Ni-	Tu-
Ya Pili	U-	M-
Ya Tatu	A-	Wa-

M

Mfano:-Ninalima

            Tunacheza

ii.                  Viambishi awali vya ngeli- hivi hupatikana mwanzoni mwa nomino au vivumishi ili kudokeza hali ya umoja na uwingi.

Mfano:-Mtu (umoja) – Watu (uwingi)

            Msafi (umoja) – Wasafi (uwingi)

iii.                Viambishi awali vya ukanushi - hivi hudokeza hali ya uhasi wa tendo. Huwakilishwa na mofimu (ha-) na (si-)

Mfano:- Amekula (uyakinifu) – Hajala (ukanushi), Nakula (uyakinifu) – Sili (ukanushi)

iv.                Viambishi awali vya Njeo- hivi hudokeza nyakati mbalimbali ambazo ni wakati uliopita, uliopo na ujao.

NYAKATI	MOFIMU
Uliopo	-Na-
Uliopita	-li-
Ujao	-Ta-

            Mfano:- Mlituona

                          Utakuja

v.                  Viambishi awali vya hali- hivi hudokeza hali mbili za nyakati ambazo ni mazoea ambayo huwakilishwa na mofimu {hu} na timilifu inayowakilishwa na mofimu {me}.

Mfano:-Hucheza

              Amelima

vi.                Viambishi awali vya masharti-hivi hudokeza hali ya masharti au uwezekano katika tendo. Mofimu hizo ni kama –ki-, nge-, ngali- n.k.

Mfano:- ukija

              Ungekuja

               Angalimkuta

vii.              Kiambishi cha urejeshi wa mtenda (kiima)- mhiki hudokeza urejeshi wa nomino inayotenda katika kitenzi.

Mfano: - Aliyekuja {-ye-} hudokeza urejeshi wa mtenda.

viii.            Kiambishi kiwakilishi cha mtendwa au mtendewa (shamirisho) – hivi huwakilisha mtendwa au mtendewa wa jambo.

Mfano; Nilimpiga, Uliukata, Nimeipenda, Wameniteta.

ix.                Kiambishi awali cha kujirejea (kujitendea) – hiki huwakilishwa na mofimu (-ji-)

Mfano; kujipenda

2.      Viambishi tamati– Hivi hudokeza kauli mbalimbali za vitenzi.

Mfano: - Anacheza – kutenda

Unachezwa- Kutendwa

              Utachezewa- Kutendewa

               Nimemlia- Kutendea

              Wamewasomesha- Kutendesha n.k

Mzizi	Kiambishi cha Kauli	Kiambishi tamati maana	Neno jipya	Kauli	Viambishi vya kauli
Chez		a	Cheza	Kutenda	-a
	e	a	Chezea	kutendea	-e-
Pig	ian	a	Pigiana	Kutendeana	-ian-/-ean-
	iw	a	Pigiwa	Kutendewa	-iw-/ew-
Som	esh	a	Somesha	Kutendesha	-ish-/esh-
	eshw	a	Someshwa	Kutendeshwa	-ishw-/eshw-
Lim	ik	a	Limika	Kutendeka	-ik-/-ek-
	an	a	Limana	Kutendana	-an-
	w	a	Limwa	Kutendwa	-w-

DHANA YA MZIZI NA SHINA LA KITENZI

Mzizi wakitenzini sehemu ya neno inayobakia mara baada ya kuondoa viambishi vyote vya awali na tamati katika neno hilo. Mfano: - a-na-chez-a {-chez-}, m-ku-lim-a {-lim-}

Mzizi fungeni ule ambao hauwezi kujikamilisha kimaana yaani hauwezi kusimama kama neno. Mfano; -lim-, -chez-, -imb- n.k.

Mzizi huruni ule ambao huweza kusimama kama neno na ukichanganuliwa zaidi hupoteza maana yake ya msingi. Mfano; Kinu, Kazi, Arifu, Sali n.k.

Shina la kitenzini sehemu ya neno ambayo huongezwa viambishi fuatishi (tamati) au nisehemu ya neno ambayo hubakia baada ya kuondolewa viambishi tangulizi. Mfano:- chez+a = cheza, lim+a = lima. Sehemu hii ya neno hutumika kuundia neno jipya.

Shina sahili – hili ni shina ambalo huundwa na mofimu moja tu ambayo ni mzizi wa neno hilo, huwa ni mofimu huru, Mfano; Kesho, jana, kitabu, jarida n.k.

Shina changamano – shina hili huundwa na mzizi na kiambishi tamati maana. Mfano; cheka, lala, lia, kula n.k

Shina ambatani – shina hili huundwa na mofimu mbili ambazo ni huru. Mfano; mwana + kwenda = mwanakwenda, mbwa + mwitu = mbwamwitu

           

UAMBISHAJI NA MNYUMBULIKO WA MANENO

Uambishaji

Uambishaji ni ule utaratibu wa kuongeza viambishi katika mzizi wa neno, ili kulipa neno maana ya ziada. AU ni hali ya kubadilishabadilisha mofimu katika mzizi wa neno ili kuonesha upatanisho wa kisarufi katika tungo hiyo.

Kiambishi:

Kiambishi ni sehemu (mofu) ambayo huambikwa kwenye mzizi wa neno ili kulipa neno hilo maana ya ziada. Tunapopachika viambishi hivyo mwanzoni mwa mzizi wa neno hali hiyo huitwa ‘uambishaji’. Uambishaji upo wa aina mbili; Unyambuaji au unyambulishi: Huu ni aina ya uambishaji unaosababisha neno kubadilika kutoka kategoria moja hadi nyingine. NaMnyambuliko:Ni aina ya uambishaji ambao huhusisha kurefusha nenona kuliweka katika hali tofauti za katagoria ileile.

Uambishaji wa kategoria mbalimbali za maneno.

Uambishaji wa vitenzi – Uambishaji wa vitenzi hujitokeza kwa kutegemea dhima tofauti tofauti za mofimu kama vile:-

        i.            Viambishi vya nafsi

      ii.            Viambishi vya njeo

    iii.            Viambishi vya ukanushi

    iv.            Viambishi vya urejeshi

      v.            Viambishi vya hali

    vi.            Na viambishi vya kujitendea

Mfano; mzizi –lim- unaweza kupachikwa viambishi hivyo na kuweza kubadilika kidhana kama ifuatavyo:-

A-na-lim-a

Hu-lim-a

U-me-lim-a

Ni-na-vyo-lim-a n.k.

Uambishaji wa majina– Uambishaji wa majina huwa unazingatia upatanisho wa kisarufi kimofolojia ambao hujikita katika kuangalia alomofu tofauti zinazowakilisha ngeli moja katika umoja na uwingi wa majina hayo.  Kwa mfano:-

UMOJA	WINGI	ALOMOFU
m-tu	Wa-tu	M/WA
m-ti	mi-ti	M/MI
Ki-ti	vi-ti	KI/VI
u-gonjwa	Ma-gonjwa	U/MA
Ø-fisadi	Ma-fisadi	Ø/MA
Ø-kaka	Ø-kaka	Ø/ Ø

Uambishaji wa vielezi– Vielezi katika lugha ya Kiswahili havitokani na kategoria nyingine ya maneno, bali ni maneno ya kawaida yanayopatikana katika lugha na si rahisi kupachika mofimu yoyote katika maneno hayo isipokuwa vielezi vichache ambavyo hupatikana kwa kupachikwa kiambishi awali cha namna {ki-} katika kivumishi au nomino mfano: ki-jinga, ki-janja, ki-toto, ki-raia, ki-puuzi n.k.

Unyambulishaji

Ni hali ya kupachika viambishi tamati katika mzizi wa neno. Mofimu hizo huitwa mofimu fuatishi.

Unyambulishaji wa kategoria mbalimbali za maneno ya Kiswahili.

        i.            Viwakilishi. Mfano; Mimi = miye, Sisi = siye, Ambalo, Ambacho, Ambao, Ambaye n.k.

      ii.            Majina. Mfano: Nyumba+ni = Nyumbani, Shamba+ni = Shambani, n.k.

    iii.            Vivumishi. Mfano: Safi = Safisha, Refu = Refushan.k.

    iv.            Vitenzi. Mfano: Lima-limika-limishwa-limwa-limiana-limiwa n.k.

Ukitazama kwa makini utangundua kwamba unyambulishaji mara nyingi hubadilisha neno kutoka katika kategoria moja na kuipeleka katika kategoria nyingine.

DHIMA ZA UNYAMBULISHAJI

        i.            Kuongeza msamiati wa lugha ya Kiswahili.

      ii.            Kuzalisha kauli mbalimbali za vitenzi vya Kiswahili

    iii.            Hupanua maana ya neno.

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THE FEAST OF THE BEASTS (the Berlin conference)

ETC FOR EDUCATION- GET IT READY: History Handouts

BERLIN CONFERENCE:

It was the second stage of the colonization of Africa.

DEFINITION: Berlin Conference was an Imperialistic meeting summoned by the Chancellor Edward Otto Von Bismarck for the aim of dividing Africa among the European Nations peacefully.

The conference began in 1884/1885.

Participants were:-

§  German

§  Italy

§  France

§  British

§  Portuguese

Note that USA and Denmark attended as Observers of the meeting.

WHY WAS IT CALLED BY GERMAN?

a. German unification made it the most powerful nation in Europe after defeating France, Denmark and Austria European balance of power was in favor that is why she was able to command other European nations.

b. The industrialization of German; made German to in need of raw materials badly, cheap labor and areas for the investments. Thus German wanted the colonies from Africa and hence was able to call the conference.

c. The late coming of Germans in the process of scrambling and partition of Africa, to enable her to acquire some colonies.

d. The hostility between France and German; made Germans to call for the meeting for this conference so as to check on France expansion in Africa that make her very powerful economically and military and able to revenge Germans failure.

OBJECTIVES/AIMS OF BERLIN CONFERENCE:

                    i.            To avoid military confrontation among the imperialist powers caused by the scramble made by colonial agents.

                  ii.            To abolish slave trade and slavery in Africa, This went hand in hand with the establishment of the so called legitimate trade. This conference aimed at emphasizing the abolition of slave trade in the Africa.

                iii.            To clear up the existing boundaries; of which was the source of the African disputes among the European powers (Nations). E.g. British and France who possessed indefinable areas of interest in the West Central and East Africa. It also, aimed to define the areas of effective occupation so that no any other country should claim the already occupied land.

                 iv.            Aimed at taming the French Hostilities; after her defeat in Franco- Prussian war of 1871 where she lost her resources regions of Alsace and Lorrain to German.

                   v.            To maintain European balance of power; among the European Nation through equalize political and economical powers.

RESOLUTION/PRINCIPLES/AGREEMENT REACHED BY THE CONFERENCE:

                                I.            All Colonial Power to abolish slave trade and slavery; in their colonies and allow free access of the colonial agents in the interior parts as to campaign against slave trade and spread civilization.

                              II.            No any power was allowed to help (collaborated); with Africa to fight against another power.

                            III.            Elective occupation should be implemented by the imperialist as a sign to claim of any colony by the imperialist nation. The conference agreed to claim any area would only be recognized by other European Nation if it was effective occupied by that particular European power.

                            IV.            The principle of Notification; it was agreed that a power requiring any part of Africa was supposed to inform other powers in order to avoid misunderstanding among the powers.

                              V.            Congo basin was declared as a free state under King Leopard of Belgium and the Niger river was Free state for navigation, to all European powers. The Belgium King agreed to allow the European power traders and Missionaries free access to the area.

                            VI.            Strong and sophisticated military weapons were prohibited to be brought in Africa. They allowed only light weapons to be used in Africa. This aimed to avoid accessibility of such strong weapons to the colonized Africa.

                          VII.            In case of any disputes among the European powers; they should solve it peacefully without the use of force. So as to maintain unity, peace and solidarity in the foreign land of Africa. Using force would weaken one European power which can also make her to be defeated by Africans.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN DIVIDING AFRICA CONTINENT.

§  Early settlements of African from different countries; in some parties of Africa which were occupied by the European powers before Berlin Conference witnessed by the Missionaries, Traders, Explorers and Travelers for Example; Cecil Rhodes in South Africa, John Moffat who stayed in Matebele Land about thirty years, the Portuguese who stayed in Angola and Mozambique for long time, the conference also considered this case by giving the territories to individual nations in favor.

§  The early exploration and Discoveries; Former exploration of some African region was also another factor for a certain nation to receive the territory. For example; Dr. Livingstone exploration in central Africa, he drew the map of Chode River in now days Zimbambwe, thus it had to fall under the British government which had sent him in the similar case of Carl Peter’s in Tanganyika for the Germans.

§  Treaties signed between African and European; were also another consideration for the determination of African continent Division among the European powers; for example the H. Johnson made treaties with Mangi Rindi of Kilimanjaro on July, 1884 and Carl Peter’s organized more treaties in Usambara, Uzigua, Ukami and Kilosa.

§  Influence the development in the Region; this was another factor to determine the division of Africa continent among the Europeans. In area which any European powers had the investments or had the influence over it before the Berlin conference had distributed to her. For Example; Zanzibar with the British who had already shown interest over the island.

EFFECTS OF THE BERLIN CONFERENCE TO AFRICA

1.       It partitioned/sliced Africa among the European nations into the Colonial possession and fixed the boundaries in their interests. British got 27 Colonies, France got 12 and German 9 colonies and Belgium got 2 colonies.

2.       It led to the loss of African independence to the European Nations who established Colonial Rule. After an act of effective occupation was passed.

3.       It led to the abolition of slave trade and the introduction of legitimacy trade which benefited the Imperialist.

4.       It led to suffering of Africa people under Colonial administration especially when they resisted the colonial rule many were crushed to death. E.g. 1880’s-1890’s when France began aggressive policy of wide spread colonization in West Africa.

5.       Divided the Ethnic African groups, into the separated boundaries, e.g. Makonde in Mozambique and in Tanganyika, Maasai in Kenya and Tanganyika while Luo in Kenya, Sudan and Uganda.

6.       Planted the seed of the first and the second world Wars, because the conference did not satisfy the ambitions for some of Europeans Nations, e.g. German did not satisfy herself hence were still in need for more colonies as to equalize with the Britain and France such this desire promoted conflicts.

PREPARED AND WRITTEN BY TEACHER SOSPETER.