Jumanne, 16 Juni 2015
Alhamisi, 11 Juni 2015
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Alhamisi, 30 Aprili 2015
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Alhamisi, 2 Aprili 2015
HOW DID THE SECOND WORLD WAR LED TO THE RISE OF WORLD SOCIALISM
:
Before the outbreak of Second World War socialist phenomena
was purely a Russian issue only being practiced by only United Soviet Union.
But after the Second World War the socialist ideology began to spread in every
part of the World.
1.
Spread
of socialism in East Europe: The Second World War enabled Russia to
spread the socialist ideology in the eastern European nations, because Russia
was among the victor country that had been occupied by Nazi. German she began
to spread and plant socialist ideology. Country like Poland East Germany,
Hungary Czechoslovakia Bulgaria.
2.
The
occurrence of the socialist revolution: In other parts of the world like
in China in Cuba and in Chile, was a great contribution to the rise of world
socialism, such revolution brought awareness among the world reputation and
later alone became model for other countries both in Africa and Russia to adopt
the socialist ideology after realizing the capitalism and imperialism are
dangerous for world peace thus the adaptation of socialism and triumph of
socialism.
3. Intensification of anti-colonial
struggle: In the colonization of the both Africa and Asia, that
intensified during the aftermath of world war two many anti-colonial
anti-struggle adopted the socialist ideologist as the best mean of getting rid
of colonial occupation, for instance Angola, Tanganyika, Mozambique and many
other countries adopted Socialist ideology to fight colonialism in their
nations.
4. The rise of the USSR: As a
leading world Super Power after world war two. It should be noted that the
aftermath of the world war two made USA and USSR to become a leading blocs in
the world, USSR used her world influence, her military supremacy and veto power
of UN to spread and support socialist Ideologies in the world, this influence
made the socialism to become triumph in the world.
5. The rise of Cold war: The Second
World War led to the rise of Cold war between the socialist block led by the
USSR and the capitalist block led by USA. The cold war was the competition
between these two blocks to win influence and domination to the world. Russia
used this cold war to support many military campaigns to the capitalist nation
in Africa, Europe and Asia which led to the further spread of socialist
ideology.
6. Mechanism used by the soviet union: These includes training revolutionaries in
the soviet union, provision scholars and provision of military support and
financial support especially after the second world war made many third world
nations to rely on socialist ideology and practicing of socialism in their
nations for instance in Tanzania, Zambia, Angola among others.
7. Development
and internationalizing:
The theory scientific socialism called for unity and solidarity among workers
and provision in the world and launch war against the evil of capitalist. Through
such campaigns the world class consciousness was developed in every corner of
the world. The communist international movements were developed with the role
of popularizing world socialism.
THESE NOTES HAVE BEEN PREPARED BY
TEACHER SOSPETER THOMAS famously known as MWL SOS
PHONE NO: +255753008862,+255655006288,
LOCATED: EMARX TRAINING CENTER, SABA SABA, DODOMA.
Ijumaa, 2 Mei 2014
CRISES IN THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM:
CRISES IN THE CAPITALIST WORLD
These are the conflicts and problems which upset the capitalist
production mainly in Europe and in the colonies especially in Africa and Asia.
These crises were as follows:
1. The First World War
2. The Great Economic Depression
3. The Second World War
1. THE FIRST WORLD
WAR
This was the war fought between the members of Triple
Entente and the members of Triple Aliance from 28th July 1914 to 11th
November in 1918.
·
The Triple Alliance was formed by Germany,
Italy, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria
·
The Triple Entente was formed by Britain,
France, Russia, Japan, Romania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro
and USA
THE TREND OF THE WAR
The WW1 started on 28th July 1914 and ended on 11th
November 1914
·
The war started first in Balkans Peninsular in
which the Austria Hungary heir Archduke Francis Franz Ferdinand and his wife
Sophie were assassinated by a Bosnian Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip on 28th
June 1914 in Bosnia capital city Sarajevo.
·
The assassination of Ferdinand setoff diplomatic
crisis between Austria-Hungary and Serbia because few days later
Austria-Hungary government gave Ultimatum to Serbia to submit the assassin but Serbia
refused.
·
On 28th July 1914 Austria-Hungary
invaded Bosnia with support from Russia
·
On 2nd August Germany invaded Belgium
and Luxemburg and 3rd August 1914 Germany declared war against
France in the fear that France would help Russia.
·
On 4th August the Britain declared
war against Germany.
·
The USA joined the war on 6th April
1917 to assist the members of the Triple Entente
·
The war ended on 11th November 1918
in which Germany was defeated by victorious powers.
THE CAUSES OF THE WW1
The causes for the WW1 can be recognized into two groups
namely short term and long term causes.
THE LONG TERM CAUSES
These were the causes which prepared grounds for the occurrence
of the war. These factors are as follows.
1. The development of capitalism in the
highest stage in 1860’s
This created a stiff competition among
capitalist powers such as Germany, France, Britain, Italy and Austria Hungary. For
example Germany fought a war with France over the issue of Alsace and Lorain
rich region in coal in Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871. This contributed to
the formation of Alliances hence a war.
2. Dissatisfaction in territorial division
The partition of colonies in the Berlin
conference of 1884/5 was not fair because some European countries such as Italy
was given few colonies compared to other European countries. This created
hatred among super powers thus creating grounds for the war.
3. The rise of military alliances
The Germany sought alliance with Austria
and signed a Dual Alliance in 1879 with condition that they have to help each
other during the war. Italy joined in 1882 to form Triple Alliance. On the
other hand France-Russia treaty was signed 1890 to form Entente Cordially and
Britain join later to form Triple Entente. The rival alliances created weapons
such as bombs, guns, tanks, and created armies which were ready for the war at
any time.
4. The France desire to regain Alsace and
Lorain
Germany annexed the two provinces in
Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871. This created grounds for revenge among the
French men hence preparing ground for WW1.
5. The Balkan crisis
The Balkan nationalism created conflicts
between Austria-Hungary and Serbia and between Austria-Hungary and Russia. The competition
between the three powers led to the assassination of Francis Ferdinand hence a
WW1.
6. Moroccan Crisis 1905 and 1911
The conflict was between France and Germany
in which Germany declared independence to Morocco which was a France colony.
THE SHORT TERM CAUSE
The immediate cause for WW1 was the
assassination of Archduke Francis Franz Ferdinand on 28th June 1914.
THE IMPACTS OF THE
FIRST WORLD WAR ON AFRICA
1.
All German colonies such as Tanganyika ,
Burundi, Rwanda, Namibia, Togo and Cameroon were under League of Nations as
mandatory territories. This led to the changing of colonial administrative
systems which affected Africans.
2.
Deaths among Africans especially in Germany
colonies such as Tanganyika and Togo in which the war was fought.
3.
The spread of disease such as flue which
consumed the lives of thousands of Africans for Example in Tanganyika it is
approximated about 7000 people died because of flue.
4.
Destruction of properties such as farms, mines
and infrastructures like railway were badly destroyed in German colonies.
5.
The fall of the external trade between Europe
and Tanganyika due to the destruction of European economies such as banks and
industries.
6.
There was increasing exploitation in the
colonies such as land alienation, low wages and introduction of agricultural
schemes.
THE IMPACTS OF THE
WORLD WAR IN EUROPE
1.
The Germany was prevented from building naval
ships, airplanes and tanks. The number of her soldiers was limited to 100,000
soldiers.
2.
The Germany was required to pay war reparation
of 6500 USD million to the winners of the wars.
3.
The destruction of economies such as industries
and trade. During the war time many industries were closed.
4.
Loss of lives for example it is estimated that about
13 million people died while others became disabled and orphans.
5.
It led to the formation of League of Nations
which guaranteed world peace and security.
6.
The Alsace and Lorraine province were returned
to France from Germany domination.
7.
It led to the Great Economic Depression in
1929-1933 which affected the world economy.
8.
The rise of aggressive policies which prompted
to occurrence of WW2.
The capitalist production has four major stages.
2. THE GREAT ECONOMIC
DEPRESSION 1929- 1933
This was
an economic slump crashed capitalist from 29th October 1929 up to
1933. The depression started in USA and spread to Britain, Canada, Italy,
France and Austria and in colonies such as Africa and Asia. The black Tuesday
29th October 1929 was the fourth day of the market crash; it was the
worst day in the history of New York Stock Exchange and USA in which the stock
of 50 companies dropped from $252 to $62 within four days. Two months later
stock holders had lost more than 40 billion.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
1.
Fall of production in industries due to over
production
2.
Low prices of crops and goods such as in US the
price of wheat declined.
3.
Closure of banks in capitalist world for example
in US 5000 banks were closed by 1932.
4.
Unemployment in the world for example over 30
million people had no jobs in US by 1932.
5.
Collapse of the national income.
6.
Low wages, foods shortage and poor social
services.
CAPITALIST PRODUCTION
CYCLE:
The capitalist production has four major stages.
BOOM STAGE (PEAK)
This is the period when the economy is at the highest level.
During this period the economy has the following characteristics:
1.
High level of investment
2.
Lowest level of employment
3.
High standard of living
4.
Social and political stability
CRISIS
This is the temporary decline in the economic activities and
it has the following challenges
1.
Decrease in investment
2.
Decrease in employment
3.
Decrease in income
4.
Decrease in trade
5.
Decrease of commodity price
DEPRESSION STAGE
This is the period of total decline in the economy or
stagnation of the economy. It has the following characteristics;
1.
Lowest level of investment.
2.
Highest level of employment.
3.
Lower standard of living
4.
Total closure of enterprises and investment
5.
Lowest level of income.
RECOVERY STAGE
This is the period when the economy starts to improve and
expand follows after a depression or a recession; It has the following
characteristics;
Investments start to expand.
1.
Income increase
2.
Prices start to rise.
3.
Standard of living starts to rise.
4.
Opening of Banks.
THE CAUSES OF THE
GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
1. The effects of WW1
The war ruined the economies of almost all
European countries. Due to the collapse of economies efforts were made to
recover economies by producing as much as possible. This created over
production of goods due to low consumption hence Great Economic Depression.
2. High Protective tariffs by US on the
imported goods from Europe.
This appealed European countries to put
tariffs on US goods as a result market was narrowed to both continents hence
over-production and great economic depression.
3. Un-equal distribution of income
The difference in income between capitalist
and workers in which workers were paid inversely proportional to what they
produced created a gap between production and consumption hence depression.
4. The fall of stock exchange.
Stock exchange is a business term which
refers to market in which workers were paid inversely proportional to what they
produced created a gap between production and consumption hence depression.
5. The failure of spectators to pay back loans
borrowed from banks
Speculators are people who trade commodities,
bonds, equities and currencies, the failure to repay the loan affected economy
hence great depression.
6. Nature of the capitalist economy
Economists believe that depression was inevitable
due to the fact that any capitalist economy has to pass four phases which are
cyclic. Boom, Crisis, Depression and Recovery. There for its nature is what
driven it to depression.
EFFECTS
OF THE GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION AFRICA
1.
Drastic fall of the prices of raw materials in
the African countries for example the price of sisal exported to Europe dropped
from 32 pounds per ton to 12 pounds per ton between 1931-1932.
2.
Fall of worker wages; Colonial government
reduced the salaries of workers for example in Kenya the worker’s wages fell from
36/=Ksh to 10/= Ksh in 1930.
3.
Unemployment; The depression caused unemployment
in many African countries because colonial government retrenched some workers
and reduced the size of army.
4.
The introduction of agricultural schemes such as
ground nuts schemes in Gambia and Tanganyika.
5.
Intensification of exploitation; post-depression
period witnessed the increase of tax, reduction worker’s wages, forced labor,
low price of cash crops and long working hours which were introduced by
colonialist so as to compensate their economies.
6.
Social welfare for example famine and shortage
of food because there was little exportation of goods from Europe to Africa.
THE GENERAL EFFECTS
OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
1.
The great economic depression affected the
entire capitalist nations and other small states either directly or indirectly.
2.
It led to the bankruptcy of capitalists due to
failure of business and closure of enterprises.
3.
Social miseries for example famine and shortage
of food.
4.
The great depression, led to the collapse of the
League of Nations.
5.
It led to the exploitation of most African
resources.
6.
The great depression led to the rise of
dictatorship states i.e. Nazism in German, Japan and Italy.
7.
The great economic depression led to withdrawal
of US loans to the European countries.
Figure 1: Family during great depression ,Carlifonia ,
1932
Figure 2: Buried machinery in a barn lot; May 1933 on the
Great Plains coincided with the Great Depression
MEASURES TAKEN BY THE
COLONIAL POWERS TO ALLEVIATE THE IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION IN THE COLONIES
Several measures were taken by the colonial powers to revamp
the impact of the great depression on the metropolitan economies. This includes
the following;
1.
The expansion and consolidation of peasant’s
cooperation.
2.
Intensification of labor recruitment
particularly migrant labor was intensified to meet extra labor free demand.
3.
Increase of taxation. Taxes of various kinds
were introduced after the depression in order to expand source of income for
the colonial state.
4.
The colonial state allowed peasant to grow
prohibited crops in settler’s colonies. For example in Kenya peasant were
allowed to grow coffee.
5.
African education curriculum was reviewed to
give more emphasis to agricultural education.
STAY TUNED FOR THE FINALIZATION OF THE CRISIS IN THE CAPITALIST
SYSTEM, IN WHICH WE SHALL CONTINUE TO DISCUSS ON THE SECOND WORLD WAR
TO BE CONTIUED……
THESE NOTES HAVE BEEN PREPARED BY
TEACHER SOSPETER THOMAS famously known as MWL SOS
PHONE NO: +255753008862,+255655006288,
LOCATED: EMARX TRAINING CENTER, SABA SABA, DODOMA.
HE IS COMPETENT, EXPIRIENCED AND FULLY CAPABLE OF TEACHING HISTORY
Jumamosi, 15 Machi 2014
SARUFI KISWAHILI 4
UCHANGANUZI
WA SENTENSI
Tunapoitenga
sentensi katika makundi mbalimbali yanayoiunda sentensi hiyo kutoka kundi kubwa
hadi dogo kabisa la leksia (neno), hali hiyo ndiyo inayojulikana kama
kuchanganua sentensi. Kuchanganua ni kutolea ufafanuzi wa kitu kwa kukielezea
kwa mgawanyo wake. Uchanganuzi wa sentensi hupitia hatua zifuatazo:-
I.
Kuiainisha sentensi hiyo. Hapa sentensi
hutambulishwa kuwa ni aina gani.
II.
Kutenga sentensi hiyo katika sehemu zake
mbili zinazoiunda, yaani kiima na kiarifu.
III.
Kutambulisha makundi ya maneno
yanayopatikana katika sehemu hizo.
IV.
Kubainisha aina za maneno yanayounda
makundi hayo ya maneno.
V.
Kuiandika sentensi hiyo kwa kufuatisha
aina zake za maneno.
Ipo
pia mikabala miwili ya uchanganuzi wa sentensi ambapo yote hufuata hatua
zilezile lakini tofauti inayojitokeza ni matumizi ya istilahi za virai upande
wa kiarifu.
A) Mkabala
wa kikazi / kimapokeo. Huu hutenga sentensi katika kiima na kiarifu pia
hutumia istilahi; Chagizo badala ya Kirai kielezi (KE), Shamirisho badala ya
Kirai nomino (KN), na Prediketa badala ya Kirai kitenzi (KT) ila ni katika
upande wa kiarifu.
B)
Mkabala
wa kimuundo / kisasa. Huu hutenga sentensi katika Kundi nomino na Kundi
kitenz na pia hutumia istilahi za kawaida za virai.
NJIA
ZA UCHANGANUZI WA SENTENSI
A. Njia ya matawi / ngowe
(mkabala wa kimuundo).
Mfano.
i.
Mtoto mzuri amenunuliwa zawadi.
S. Sahili.
KN KT
N V T E
Mtoto Mzuri amenunuliwa zawadi
Mkabala wa
kikazi.
S. Sahili.
K A
T Ch
N V
E
Mtoto Mzuri
amenunuliwa zawadi
ii.
Mwanafunzi aliyefaulu amehama
kimyakimya.
Kimuundo
S.
Changamano
KN KT
N βV 
Ts T E
Mwanafunzi aliyefaulu amehama Kimyakimya
Kikazi
S. Changamano
K A
N βV Pr Ch
Ts T E
Mwanafunzi aliyefaulu amehama Kimyakimya
iii.
Mama anapika na Baba anasoma gazeti.
Kimuundo
S.
Ambatano
S1
S2
KN KT U KN KT
N T N T E
Mama anapika
na Baba anasoma gazeti
Kikazi
S.
Ambatano
S1
S2
K A U K A
N T N T Ch
E
Mama anapika na Baba anasoma gazeti
B.
Njia
ya maelezo.
Kimuundo.
Mfano; i. Mtoto mfupi anataka chai.
Hii ni sentensi sahili.
Sentensi sahili hii ina Kirai nomino na
kirai kitenzi.
Kirai nomino kimeundwa na Nomino na
Kivumishi.
Nomino ni ‘Mtoto’.
Kivumishi ni ‘Mzuri’.
Kirai kitenzi kimeundwa na kitenzi kikuu
na kirai nomino.
Kitenzi kikuu ni ‘Anataka’.
Kirai nomino hicho kimeundwa na Jina.
Jina hilo ni ‘Chai’.
Kikazi
Hii ni sentensi sahili.
Sentensi hii imeundwa na Kiima na
Kiarifu.
Kiima kina Jina na Kivumishi.
Jina hilo ni ‘Mtoto’.
Kivumishi hicho ni ‘Mzuri’.
Kiarifu kimeundwa na Kitenzi kikuu na
Shamirisho.
Kitenzi kikuu ni ‘Anataka’.
Shamirisho ni ‘Chai’.
ii.
Mama aliyenipenda ameniletea zawadi cha
ajabu Mama yangu amechukia.
Kimuundo.
Sentensi
hii ni ambatano.
Sentensi
hii ina sentensi mbili zinazounganishwa na kiunganishi.
Sentensi
ya kwanza ina Kirai nomino na kirai kitenzi.
Kirai
nomino kimeunda na Jina na kishazi tegemezi kivumishi.
Jina
ni ‘Mama’.
Kishazi
tegemezi kivumishi hicho ni kitenzi kisaidizi.
Kitenzi
kisaidizi hicho ni ‘Aliyenipenda’.
Kirai
kitenzi kimeundwa na kitenzi kikuu na Jina.
Kitenzi
kikuu ni ‘Ameniletea’.
Jina
ni ‘zawadi’
Kiunganishi
ni ‘Cha ajabu’
Sentensi
ya pili imeundwa na kirai nomino na kirai kitenzi.
Kirai
nomino hicho kimendwa na Jina na kivumishi.
Jina
ni ‘Mama’.
Kivumishi
ni ‘yangu’.
Kirai
kielezi kimeundwa na kitenzi kikuu.
Kitenzi
hicho ni ‘amechukia’.
Kikazi
Sentensi
hii ni ambatano.
Sentensi
hii ina sentensi mbili zinazounganishwa na kiunganishi.
Sentensi
ya kwanza ina Kiima na Kiarifu.
Kiima
kimeundwa na Jina na kishazi tegemezi kivumishi.
Jina
ni ‘Mama’.
Kishazi
tegemezi kivumishi hicho ni kitenzi kisaidizi.
Kitenzi
kisaidizi hicho ni ‘Aliyenipenda’.
Kiarifu
kimeundwa na kitenzi kikuu na Shamirisho.
Kitenzi
kikuu ni ‘Ameniletea’.
Shamirisho
ni ‘zawadi’
Kiunganishi
ni ‘Cha ajabu’
Sentensi
ya pili imeundwa na kiima na Kiarifu.
Kiima
kimendwa na Jina na kivumishi.
Jina
ni ‘Mama’.
Kivumishi
ni ‘yangu’.
Kiarifu
kimeunda na Prediketa.
Prediketa
hiyo ni ‘amechukia’.
C.
Njia
yamshale au Mstari
Mfano. Mkamwana wake aliyemzalia mwanae watoto
amepata matatizo lakini hakwenda kumuona.
Kimuundo
S Ambatano
S S1 +
U +S2
S1
KN + KT
KN N + V + βV 
N Mkamwana
V WakeβV Ts + V + NTs AliyemzaliaV Mwanae
N Watoto
KT T + KN
T Amepata
KN N
N MatatizoU LakiniS2
KN +KT
KN θKT Ts + TTS HakwendaT Kumuona
Kikazi
S AmbatanoS S1 +
U +S2S1
K + A
K N + V + βV N MkamwanaV WakeβV Ts + V + NTs AliyemzaliaV MwanaeN WatotoA Pr + ShPr AmepataSh NN MatatizoU LakiniS2
K +AK θA Pr
Pr T + TjTS HakwendaTj Kumuona
D.
Njia
ya visanduku
Mfano; Kijana aliyemleta ameondoka na mtoto
haonekani.
Kimuundo
|
S. Ambatano
|
|||||
|
S1
|
U
|
S2
|
|||
|
KN
|
KT
|
|
KN
|
KT
|
|
|
N
|
βV
|
T
|
U
|
N
|
T
|
|
Kijana
|
aliyemleta
|
ameondoka
|
na
|
mtoto
|
haonekani
|
|
N
|
TS
|
T
|
U
|
N
|
T
|
Kikazi
|
S. Ambatano
|
|||||
|
S1
|
U
|
S2
|
|||
|
K
|
A
|
|
K
|
A
|
|
|
N
|
βV
|
Pr
|
U
|
N
|
Pr
|
|
Kijana
|
aliyemleta
|
ameondoka
|
na
|
mtoto
|
haonekani
|
|
N
|
TS
|
T
|
U
|
N
|
T
|
Mfano
2. Mwalimu aliyefukuzwa jana shuleni amerudi kwao.
Kimuundo
|
S. Changamano
|
|||||
|
KN
|
KT
|
||||
|
N
|
βV
|
T
|
E
|
||
|
Mwalimu
|
aliyefukuzwa
|
jana
|
shuleni
|
amerudi
|
kwao
|
|
N
|
Ts
|
E1
|
E2
|
T
|
E
|
Kikazi
|
S. Changamano
|
|||||
|
K
|
A
|
||||
|
N
|
βV
|
Pr
|
Ch
|
||
|
Mwalimu
|
aliyefukuzwa
|
jana
|
shuleni
|
amerudi
|
kwao
|
|
N
|
Ts
|
E1
|
E2
|
T
|
E
|
ZOEZI
1. ‘Kila
sentensi ni tungo ila si kila tungo ni bsentensi’. Thibitisha kwa mifano ya
kutosha.
2. Kwa
mifano eleza maana ya istilahi zifuatazo:-
a. Kiima
b. Kiarifu
c. Yambwa
d. Shamirisho
e. Chagizo
f. Sentensi
g. Sentensi
shurutia
3. Kwa
mifano fafanua miundo tofautitofauti ya aina zifuatazo za sentensi.
a. Sentensi
sahili
b. Sentensi
shurutia
c. Sentensi
ambatano
d. Sentensi
changamano
4. Taja
vipashio vya:-
a. Kiima
b. Kiarifu
5. Bainisha
mikabala na hatua za kufuatwa katika kuchanganua sentensi.
6. Changanua
sentensi hii kwa kutumia mikabala yote miwili kwa njia ya Ngowe:
-
Mwanafunzi aliyehitimu amefaulu na
amewafurahisha wazazi wake.
7. Changanua
sentensi zifuatazo kwa kufuata maelekezo katika mabano.
-
Mtoto amefariki. (Ngowe – Kimuundo)
-
Mtoto amefika ila aliyemleta hafahamiki.
(Mshale – Kikazi)
-
Angelijua, angelisoma kwa kuwa hakusoma
ameshindwa mtihani. ( Jedwali – kimuundo na kikazi).
-
Mtu akifa anazikwa lakini Ng’ombe akifa
anatupwa. ( Maelezo- kimuundo).
NGELI ZA NOMINO
Ni namna ya kuweka majina katika makundi
yanayofanana. Majina ya Kiswahili yanaweza kuwekwa katika makundi mbalimbali.
Makundi hayo yamegawa na wanaisimu ya Kiswahili kwa kuzingatia maumbo ya
alomofu za umoja na uwingi wa majina (kimofolojia) na kwa kuzingatia namna
majina yanavyopatana na viambishi awali vya vitenzi (upatanisho wa kisarufi /
kisintaksia).
1.
Kimofolojia:
Katika
kigezo hiki wanaisimu wameyapanga majina kulingana na alomofu za umoja na
uwingi za majina hayo. Huu ni mtazamo mkongwe ambao uliofuatwa na wanasarufi wa
kimapokeo wakiongozwa na Meinholf, Broomfield na Ashton mnamo miaka ya 1920 –
50. Uchambuzi ulikua kama ifuatavyo:-
|
1.
M-
2.
WA-
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i). Majina ya
viumbe vyenye uhai
ispokuwa
mimea. Mfano; Mtoto – Watoto, Mzee – Wazee, Mkurya - Wakurya
ii) Majina yanayotokana na vitenzi
vinavyotaja
watu. Mfano; Msomi – Wasomi, Mkulima – Wakulima, Mfanyakazi – Wafanyakazi.
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|
3.
M-
4.
MI-
|
i). Majina ya mimea.
Mfano; Mti – Miti, Mwembe, Miembe, Mpera – Mipera.
ii) Majina ya vitu
yanayoanza na M- Mfano; Mto – Mito,
Msumari – Misumari.
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5.
KI-
6.
VI-
|
i). Majina ya
vitu yanayoanza na ki- (umoja) na vi- (wingi). Mfano; Kiti – Viti, Kisu – Visu, Kikapu – Vikapu.
ii). Majina ya
viumbe yanayoambishwa na ch- umoja na vy-uwingi. Mfano; Chura – Vyura, Chakula – Vyakula, Chuma – Vyuma.
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7.
JI-
8.
MA-
|
i).
Majina
yanayoanza na ji- umoja na ma- uwingi. Mfano; Jicho – Macho, Jini
– Majini, Jiwe – Mawe, Jina – Majina.
ii). Majina ya mkopo yenye ma- (wingi). Mfano; Bwana
– Mabwana, Shati – Mashati.
iii). Majina
yenye kueleza dhanna ya wingi japokuwa hayahesabiki. Maji, Majani, Maua,
Maini.
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9.
N-
|
i). Majina ambayo huanza na N
inayofuatwa na konsonanti, ch-, d-,
g-, j-, z-, na
y- katika umoja na wingi. Mfano; Nchi, Ndama, Ngoma, Njaa, Nzi, Nyasi.
ii). Majina
yanayoanza na mb-, mv. Mfano; Mbwa, Mvi.
iii). Majina
ya mkopo. Mfano; Taa, redio, Kompyuta, Kalamu.
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10. U-
11. N-
|
i).
Majina
yote yanayoanza na U umoja na N-, mb (wingi). Mfano; Ubao – Mbao, Ulimi
– Ndimi, Uso – Nyuso.
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12. U-
13. MA-
|
i). Majina
yote yanayoanza na uumoja na ma- wingi. Mfano; Uasi – Maasi, Uchweo – Machweo, Ugonjwa – Magonjwa.
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14. KU-
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i). Majina
yanayotokana na vitenzi yanayoanza na ku- (vitenzi-jina). Mfano; kucheza,
Kulima, Kuimba, Kupenda.
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15. PA-
|
i).
Huonesha mahali hasa. Mfano; Pale
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16. MU-
|
i).
Huonesha mahali pa ndani. Mfano; Mule
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17. KU
|
i).
Huonesha mahali pa mbali, pakubwa zaidi au popote. Mfano; Kule
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UBORA
WA KIGEZO CHA KIMOFOLOJIA
I.
Uwezekano wa kuzigawa nomino nyingi za Kiswahili
ni mkubwa kwa kuwa nyingi zimegawanyika katika maumbo hayo ya umojha na uwingi.
II.
Ni kigezo muhimu kwani kinajikita zaidi
katika nomino na kivumishi chake peke yake hakigusi aina nyingine ya neno
tofauti na kigeso cha kisintaksia ambacho hugusa hadi kitenzi.
III.
Huwasaidia wanasarufi linganishi
kuonesha uhusiano wa lugha za vikoa kimoja.
UPUNGUFU WA KIGEZO HIKI.
I.
Kuna viambishi katika ngeli tofauti
vinavyofanana. Mfano Kiambishi M- kinajitokeza katika ngeli ya 1 na 3 na MA-
inajitokeza katika ngeli ya 8 na 13.
II.
Kuna nomino nyingine ambazo
hazijidhihirishi katika umoja na uwingi. Mfano ngeli ya 8 na 9.
2.
Kigezo cha sintaksia /upatanisho wa
kisarufi:
Huu ni mtazamo wa kisasa wa uainishaji wa
ngeli ambao umeyagawa majina katika makundi kulingana na upatanisho wa kisarufi
kat ya jina na viambishi awali vilivyo katika vitenzi. Kwa mujibu wa mtazamo
huu, majina yamepangwa katika makundi tisa ambayo ni:-
1. A -WA
Mfano;
Mtoto anacheza / Watoto wanacheza.
Mzee analima / Wazee wanalima.
Mwanafunzi anasoma / Wanafunzi wanasoma.
2.
U
– I
Mfano; Mkufu umekatika / Mikufu imekatika.
Mji umevamiwa
/ Miji imevamiwa.
Mkaa umemwagika / Mikaa imemwagika.
3.
LI
– YA
Mfano;
Gogo limevunjika / Magogo yamevunjika.
Gari limepotea / Magari yamepotea.
Jiko limewaka / Majiko yamewaka
4.
KI
– VI
Mfano;
Kiapo kimekiukwa / Viapo vimekiukwa.
Kilima kimesawazishwa / Vilima vimesawazishwa.
Kikongwe kimeuawa / Vikongwe vimeuawa.
5.
I
– ZI
Mfano; Ng’ombe imechinjwa / Ng’ombe zimechinjwa.
Nguo imechanika / Nguo zimechanika.
Nchi imekosa amani / Nchi zimekosa
amani.
6.
U
– ZI
Mfano; Ubao umeandikika / Mbao zimeandikika.
Ukuta umeanguka / Kuta zimeanguka.
Uzi umetumika
/ Nyuzi zimetumika.
7.
U
– YA
Mfano; Ugonjwa unatisha / Magonjwa yanatisha.
Uasi umekithiri / Maasi yamekithiri.
8.
KU
Mfano; Kulima kunachosha.
Kuimba kwake kunafurahisha.
Kufurahi kwake kumemponya.
9.
PA
– MU - KU
Mfano; Hapa pananuka.
Humu mna nzi.
Kule kumebomoka.
UBORA WA KIGEZO CHA
KISINTAKSIA
n Unajitosheleza
kwa kuwa kila jina inakuwa na upatanishi wake katika kitenzi.
UPUNGUFU WA KIGEZO HIKI
I.
Kuna viambishi vinavyojirudia. Mfano, U-
kimejitokeza katika ngeli ya 2, 6 na 7.
II.
Huyaweka majina yenye maumbo tofauti
katika ngeli moja.
III.
Kunaweza kuwa na utata katika upatanisho
kwa baadhi ya majina kama “makala”
Mfano;
Makala yamechapishwa.
Makala imechapishwa.
Sentensi
hizo zote zinatumika ila hatuna wingi wa makala katika Kiswahili.
ZOEZI
1. Eleza
dhana zifuatazo kwa makini:-
a. Ngeli
za majina
b. Ngeli
za majina kimofolojia
c. Upatanisho
wa kisarufi
2. Yapange
majina yafuatayo kwa kigezo cha sarufi mapokeo:- Nazi, Chungwa, Mtu, Mchanga,
Ukuta, Ulimi, Uovu, Chapati, Maliwato, Pale, Panga, Kisima, Godoro, Nhi,
Mchungwa.
3. Fafanua
faida na hasara za kila mkabalka wa uainishaji wa ngeli za majina.
4. Onesha
mpangilio wa ngeli za majina kisintaksia kisha uoneshe mapungu yake.
NJIA ZA UUNZI WA MISAMIATI
Msamiati
ni jumla ya maneno yanayopatikana katika lugha. Uundaji wa maneno mapya ni
ujuzi ulioanza tangu awali mwanadamu alipoipata lugha ili kuiwezesha lugha yake
kuwa toshelevu na endelevu. Uundaji wa maneno huja mara baada ya kuwepo kwa
vitu vipya mwanadamu anavyokutana navyo katika mazingira yake.
Kwa nini tuunde maneno mapya?
·
Kuwezesha matumizi ya kawaida
yanayobadilika kila siku.
·
Kuwezesha kukua kwa taaluma ya utafsiri.
·
Kupata msamiati kubalifu katika muktadha
mahsusi.
·
Kukuza utamaduni wa jamii.
·
Kukidhi haja ya kitaaluma / kielimu.
Njia
za uundaji wa maneno.
I.
Uradidi,
katika njia hii neno au silabi huweza kurudiwa rudiwa ili kupata maneno mapya
katika lugha. Neno lote linaporudiwa tunapata urudufu kamili, lakini tukirudia
sehemu ya neno tunaita urudufu nusu.
Mfano;
polepole, harakaharaka, kizunguzungu, kiwiliwili.
II.
Kufupisha
maneno, ufupisha hutokea pale tunapochukua herufi za mwanzo
za maneno hayo. Kuna aina mbili za ufupisho wa maneno:-
a. Akronimi
ni ufupisho wa kuchukua herufi za mwanzoni mwa maneno tu. Mfano; UKIMWI –
Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini.
CHANETA
– Chama cha Netiboli Tanzania.
TUKI
– Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili.
b. Uhulutishaji
(blending) ni ufupisho wa kuweka pamoja vijisehemu vya maneno kuunda neno
jipya.
Mfano;
Msikwao – Mtu asiye na kwao.
Joto
baridi – Jotoridi
Mnyama mfu – Nyamafu
III.
Kufananisha
sauti, baadhi ya maneno ya Kiswahili yametokana na
uwigaji wa sauti au dhana ya kitu Fulani.
Mfano;
Pikipiki – Limetokana na mlio wa chombo hicho.
Kifaru
– zana ya kivita, umbo lake linafanana na kifaru mnyama.
IV.
Kuambatanisha
maneno, hapa maneno mawili tofauti hushikamanishwa na kuwa
neno moja lenye maana tofauti na ile ya kwanza. Mfano; Mwanakwetu, Mcheza kwao,
Mwananchi, Mwanachama, Mfamaji, Mpigambizi n.k.
V.
Kutohoa
maneno, ni mchakato wa kuhamisha maneno kutoka lugha moja
kwenda lugha nyingine na kuyatumia jinsi yalivyo huku yakibadilishwa kuwaq na
muundo wa maneno ya lugha hiyo. Kiswahili kimetohoa maneno kutoka lugha
mbalimbali kama;
a.
kiingereza
maneno kama; shati, baiskeli, kompyuta, trekta, waya, redio n.k.
b.
Kiajemi
maneno
kama; bafta, kodi, darubini, jemedari, rosheni, randa n.k.
c.
Kihindi
maneno
kama; kanuni, achali, gari, bajia, bima, tumbaku, dobi n.k.
d.
Kiarabu
maneno
kama; hisani, salama, shukurani, daima, elimu, kauli, fahamu, mahabusu, ila,
kulaki n.k.
e.
Kireno
maneno
kama; meza, mvinyo, seti, korosho, leso, kopa, roda, dama n.k.
ZOEZI
1. Eleza
njia zilizotumika katika kuunda maneno haya ya Kiswahili.
a. Kiherehere
b. Mtukwao
c. Simu
ya mkononi
d. Baiskeli
e. UKUTA
f. Mkono
wa tembo
g. Kifaru
WASIFU WA MWANDISHI
Yusuph P Mhindi, alizaliwa miaka 25 iliyopita mjini
Mugumu wilayani Serengeti mkoani Mara. Akiwa na miaka saba baada ya kuzaliwa
alianza masomo ya elimu ya msingi katika shule ya msingi Mapinduzi iliyoko
Mjini Mugumu wilayani Serengeti – Mara.
Alipohitimu elimu ya msingi, alifanikiwa
kujiendeleza na Elimu ya sekondari ambapo alisoma Machochwe Shule ya Upili,
Bwasi Shule ya Upili na hatimaye safari yake ya Elimu ya Sekondari ilitamatika
akiwa Nyansincha Sekondari huko Mara Tanzania.
Hakuishia hapo alijiimarisha zaidi kielimu baada ya
kujiunga na Elimu ya Kidato cha tano na sita kwa mchepuo wa sanaa masomo ya
Historia, Kiingereza na Kiswahili katika Shule ya Upili Kibara. Na rehema za
Mwenyezi Mungu zikizidi kuwa tunu kwake kwani alifaulu pia.
Alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Mt. Augustino kilichopo
Jijini Mwanza kwa Shahada ya Sanaa na Elimu, akiwa amejikita katika masomo ya
lugha yaani Kiswahili na Kiingereza nakufanikiwa kufanya utafiti juu ya ‘Athari
za Kazi za Wazazi kwa Machaguzi ya Kazi kwa Watoto.’ Alihitimu masomo hayo mwaka 2013.
Ameshawahi kuwa mwalimu wa kujitolea katika shule
kadhaa zikiwemo Chitengule Sekondari, Kabasa Sekondari, Nyakurunduma Sekondari,
Imani Sekondari na kote huko amekuwa akifundisha zaidi somo la Kiswahili na
Kiingereza na sasa ameajiliwa kwa muda katika Taasisi ya Elimu Emarx iliyopo
mjini Dodoma kama mwalimu wa somo la Kiswahili.
Hii ni chapa yake ya kwanza kama Kitini na
anajitayarisha kufanya mapinduzi katika tasnia ya uandishi wa vitabu vya
Taaluma na hata vya kijamii pia.
Mungu mbariki Yusuph P Mhindi, ibariki sekta ya
Elimu Tanzania, ibariki Tanzania na bara zima la Afrika.
Anapatikana
kupitia:
SIMU
- +255 765 304 501
UKURAHAMA
/ FACEBOOK AC – Yusuph Pius Mtz Huru
UKURASA
WA UKURAHAMA – Teaching Advancement
TWITTER
– YUSUPH PIUS.
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